Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Business & Society - Social Performance Assignment

Business and Society - Social Performance - Assignment Example For this situation the accompanying organizations will be analyzed: Snapple, which disseminates and fabricates natural product juices and teas; Nestle, whose auxiliary, Perrier, is a brand of mineral water; and Dole, who makes and conveys different natural product juices. The Federal Sentencing Guidelines explicitly express that associations are to follow and execute a program that tends to consistence with morals programs (Federal Sentencing Guidelines  §8B2.1). In particular, this area is worried about guaranteeing that all associations not just have a viable moral Code of Conduct, which explicitly addresses that associations must use due perseverance to forestall and identify criminal direct and advance a compelling hierarchical culture that supports moral lead and law consistence, yet that these associations are viable with guaranteeing that workers know about the authoritative Code and tail it. This paper will clarify who Pured won't just execute a compelling project yet that its representatives know about the Code of Conduct and will tail it. Presentation Puredâ ® is a drink organization which makes and disseminates packaged mineral water and bundled natural product squeeze as items. It is a medium-sized open constrained organization propelled in 2009, with 68% open proprietorship and 32% private capital of its all out worth. ... For this situation the accompanying organizations will be inspected: Snapple, which conveys and makes natural product juices and teas; Nestle, whose auxiliary, Perrier, is a brand of mineral water; and Dole, who makes and appropriates different organic product juices. Snapple Dr. Pepper and Snapple are a piece of the Dr. Pepper Snapple Group, Inc., and their Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is accessible at investor.drpeppersnapple.com. They have explicit precepts with respect to irreconcilable circumstances, political commitments, private data, respectability and reasonable managing, work of family, and robbery or abuse of advantages. Since Dr. Pepper and Snapple is a huge association, the Guidelines Manual expresses that they will give progressively formal activities and more prominent assets in meeting the rule necessities (Federal Sentencing Guidelines). The rules additionally express that the organization must set up norms and systems to forestall and identify criminal direct ; that the organization must not purposely recruit someone who has occupied with criminal operations or has recently broken consistence with morals programs; that the organization will impart the morals strategies occasionally; that the morals program will be authorized reliably; and that if there is criminal lead, the association will make move to suitably react (Federal Sentencing Guidelines). On account of Dr. Pepper/Snapple, there is almost no in the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics page that would propose that they are acclimating with the Federal Guidelines. They don't address criminal direct, but to state that the workers of the firm should adhere to all laws, rules and guidelines. They don't diagram what steps they will take if there is a

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Bata Shoes (Retailing Industry) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Bata Shoes (Retailing Industry) - Essay Example Various lower and center value footwear business encountered the danger of breakdown. Hardly any number of huge scope authorities in style and premium players had the option to endure the trembled monetary condition. In the coming future there would be sure factors which could influence the footwear business. Financial speculators have been the key driver in the development of the footwear business. Be that as it may, because of the money related disturbance the investment part couldn't offer any worthwhile outline. That is the reason even the footwear business needed to tolerate a slowed down development over the most recent couple of years. During the worldwide downturn, the customers had been a lot of specific about their spending. They would clean their old shoes as opposed to getting some new shoes. UK footwear industry likewise experienced less benefit because of the deterioration of Sterling against the US Dollar (Verdict, 2009). They were working on low working edges as low p urchaser certainty made it very hard for the retailers to offer more significant expense to the clients. Since UK is resuscitating from the trembled circumstance, one can anticipate a recovery for the footwear business. In the mid nineties, the interest in the footwear business had seen a downturn. Nonetheless, somewhere in the range of 1996 and 1999, just the cowhide footwear industry saw a development of nine percent. The interest for the footwear have been ascending from that point forward; the reasons are many including expanded populace, upgraded way of life and ceaseless increment in the shopping binge of the vacationers. Notwithstanding, because of the budgetary downturn, buyers began searching for deals and simultaneously traveler spending was diminished to absolute minimum. As an outcome the footwear business saw a drop in deals over the most recent two years. With the economy recouping, the show retailers expect the shoe retail industry to bounce back this year. The restoration is demonstrated by the recuperation in the neighborhood shopping parts. The procedure

Monday, August 10, 2020

What is a CV And How to Improve Yours!

What is a CV And How to Improve Yours! A CV is sometimes called a vita. If you prefer the more formal name, it is curriculum vitae. Translated, curriculum vitae means, “your life story.”As this phrase suggests, a CV contains a summary of professional and/or scholarly facts about yourself your experience, your qualifications, your skills, etc. meant for an entity to consider you for their organization.When organizations are looking to employ for a vacancy, they list the experience and skills that they want from an ideal candidate. They then create a job advertisement, which includes a call for CVs. How close your CV mirrors the experience and skills needed in the job advertisement is a big factor for employers.Hence, when you are searching for new employment, it is important that you have a quality CV on hand. Nevertheless, keep in mind that organizations do not need to open a vacancy for them to receive your CV. Sending them your CV could be a way for you to approach organizations that you love. As a whole, view you r CV as a tool for marketing yourself to potential employers.Note that whether you are just starting your CV writing or are thinking of updating your CV, this is a document that must be updated frequently. Whenever you gain new expertise or change jobs, always remember to update it. © Shutterstock | Petr VaclavekIn this article, we further discuss CVs by highlighting the difference between a CV and a resume. Next, we discuss the typical contents and structure of a CV. Lastly, we give you some tips on how to improve your CV.THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A CV AND A RESUMEPeople oftentimes mix-up a CV with a resume. Definitely, they are both professional documents meant to introduce you to an organization, usually for job applications. However, there are a couple of main differences between the two. By knowing the difference between a CV and a resume, you would know better when to use which document.Main DifferencesThe first main difference between a CV and a resume is length. Typically, CVs are two to three (or even more) pages. However, resumes at the entry level are typically just one page long. Persons with extensive experience, of course, can have up to two to three pages. Note that CVs are longer because you are highlighting your academic background. This consists of your degrees, teaching experience, research, publications, awards, presentations, and other accomplishments. Nonetheless, there are large organizations that may request for a CV that is only a one pager if they expect to receive many applicants.The objectives of a CV and a resume are different. A CV’s objective is to establish a scholarly identity. On the other hand, a resume is meant to establish a professional identity. The CV reflects your ability as an academician  whether you may be looking to be a researcher, a professor, or a publishing scholar in your discipline of choice. A resume indicates your ability as a professional in a business setting, for example.Another difference between a CV and a resume is the layout. A CV is in chronological order that lists your entire career. The resume, however, can be moved around as it best suits you.Look at this beautiful resume templates and be inspired.[slideshare id=46173277doc=awesomeresumetemplates-150323094821-conversion-gat e01w=640h=330]When to Use a CV or a ResumeSo when do you use a CV or a resume? First, if you are applying for a particular position, see what their requirement is is it a CV or a resume? If the organization does not indicate their preference, choosing between a CV and a resume is pretty simple and straightforward.If you are searching for grants, fellowships, research or teaching positions, or postdoctoral positions in an industry, use a CV. Moreover, applications to graduate school typically ask for CVs.Resumes are ideally used to apply to professional vacancies in business. This is due to the format of resumes. Generally, it consists of three sections your name and contact information, your education, and your professional experience. Each of these parts is fleshed out, with more focus on your job background and responsibilities performed for every position. This format makes it ideal for applying to business-centric positions.Interestingly enough, whether you use a CV or a resum e depends on your country. For example, a resume is the typical application document in Canada and the U.S.A. Canadians and Americans would traditionally use a CV when they apply to jobs abroad or when they search for a position that is oriented towards research or academia. In Ireland, New Zealand, and the U.K., CVs are always used in all kinds of contexts, with resumes not being used at all. In mainland Europe, CVs dominate, with even a European Union CV that is available to be downloaded. For Germany, the CV, known as Lebenslauf, is just one of many documents that German job applicants need to get an interview. In India, Australia, and South Africa, CVs and resumes are interchangeable. However, a resume is typically used for private sector jobs and a CV is usually submitted for public sector vacancies.CONTENT OF A CVThe sections in a CV could be quite lengthy, but the parts described in this part of the article are the main ones. Particularly these are your name and contact infor mation; your areas of interest; your education; your grants, honors, and awards; your publications and presentations; your employment and experience; your scholarly or professional memberships; and your references.Name and Contact InformationIt is necessary to have your name and contact information in your CV. For your contact information, you can include the contact details of your current organization or employment. However, if you do not want your boss or your colleagues to know that you are looking for other jobs, it is best to put in your personal contact information. Your contact information are typically your name, your address, your birthday (however, based on age discrimination laws, this is not important), your phone number, and your email. In addition, make sure that your contact information is up-to-date. If you have an outdated email or phone number, how would you expect your would-be employers to contact you?Some people still struggle with the issue of including a phot o  in their CVs. British CVs usually do not need a photo that is, unless you are an actor. For European countries like Belgium, France, and Germany, it is typical to include a photo that is passport-sized on the upper right hand corner of the CV. However, in the U.S.A., photos are discouraged because it might go against equal opportunity laws. This is because a photograph can make it easier for someone to reject a candidate based on his or her age, sex, or ethnicity. If the prospective employer asks for a photograph, make sure you provide a head and shoulders picture. You must be smiling and dressed appropriately.One really awesome tip from Ramit Sethi: Write your CV like a narrative. Areas of InterestWe are not talking about your interests in tennis, swimming, and reading. We are talking about your academic interests. Hence, list down your different areas of academic interests. What research fascinates you? What kind of intellectual activities do you want to pursue or have pursued ?A tip for making your areas of interests shine is to figure out more about the organization or department you are applying to. What kind of research papers do they publish? What are their research interests? This would help target your areas of interest. You may even underscore any research accomplishments and findings you have uncovered through your work and/or education. This demonstrates that your expertise complements their organization. The organization can also judge whether you are familiar with their technical jargon.EducationList your degrees, whether they may be in progress or earned. Remember to include also the educational institutions and graduation years. List this in order of the most current and of course, most significant, first. If you have a PhD, put in the full title, even the names of your supervisors. You may even choose to include the title of your thesis or dissertation. If you like, you can include your grades if they are exceptional.Remember, do not go ov erboard with your education. Do not incorporate qualifications that are not significant for the job position. So which parts of your education should you include on your CV? If you just left school, put an emphasis on what you achieved while you were in school. If you are a recent school leaver, the positions you are applying for probably will not need a lot of direct work experience. Hence, use the CV to market yourself. Make sure to include your English and Math subjects (if you did well in them), since they are usually important to almost all jobs.If you just left university, focus on your university and degree. Keep in mind that if you have many subjects, simply list your average grade. This can save space in your CV, not to mention make it easier to read and neater. Indicating individual subjects are not completely essential, but they can raise your chances of getting the interview, if the subjects are connected to the job vacancy.If you are in the process of studying, data on your present area of study is important. Include grades that you predict you might receive, especially for relevant subjects. In this manner, recruiters can confirm if you have particular knowledge of their industry.If you have professional qualifications and have not been in school for a while, detail your most current educational qualification, while leave the others brief (do not go as far back as your preschool days!).Grants, Honors, and AwardsIndicate all of your grants, honors, and awards due to your work, whether it may be for research or for teaching. Demonstrate that you not only do your job, but you do it well enough to receive these accolades.In indicating your grants, honors, and awards, list scholarships that are both need-based and merit based, whether they may be regional or national in scope. Also, include awards from your school or from your department and awards for service or academic accomplishment. For every honor, include the award name and a brief description of its objective if it does not seem evident from the context. In addition, include the date that you received the honor.Publications and PresentationsEnumerate your publications books and journal articles. Give the title, co-authors (if applicable), date, and location of the publication. You may also include electronic publications and journals that were peer-reviewed. Make sure to indicate whether the publication is an electronic version.Also, include the presentations you have given for conferences and forums. This may be academic presentations or public presentations. For every presentation, put in the title, sponsoring organization or event, format (poster, lecture, panel presentation, seminar), and date. Do not go into too much detail by including all of your class presentations. Instead, include presentations you made that are independent research.If you have numerous publications and numerous presentations as well, consider having one section for publications and another se ction for presentations. In this manner, you get to establish that your work has netted public notice.Employment and ExperienceAs a CV leans towards your academic background, your employment and experience section should indicate your experiences in a teaching setting, a laboratory, on the field, during volunteer work, leadership, or other significant experiences.Make sure that your employment and experience is in reverse chronological order and includes the name of your employers, the positions you held, and the length of service in the organization. To go into detail, include your achievements and duties, however, choose only the significant information. In other words, be concise.Notice that we highlight that you put in your achievements. While it is tempting to list only your duties and responsibilities, your achievements are the ones that set you apart from the others. So when you are writing your employment background, assess your career and successes. Ask yourselfdid you exec ute any changes for the better? Were you able to solve a huge challenge? Make sure that this is incorporated in your employment background. Moreover, if you are describing your achievements, make use of action words like “planned,” “developed,” or “organized.” Also, try to connect your skills to the position. In addition, as you list your accomplishments, always make them connected to the job vacancy.Some more tips on writing a great resume. Scholarly or Professional MembershipsList the scholarly or professional organizations wherein you are a member. Accomplish this by writing out the full name of the organization. In addition, include your level of membership. This is important because recruiting managers are always searching actively for that extra “oomph” from would-be employees. What this indicates is that the candidate may be dedicated to the industry enough to join these organizations.Consider that the value of a scholarly or professional membership depends on the recruiterwhether or not he or she recognizes it. If you have memberships that you think are obscure, make sure you know the organization well enough when you are called in for an interview. Avoid indicating memberships in social clubs such as the Rotary Club or a golf club.If you hold a position or office in the organization, indicate it in this section or move it to the experience section. This is upon your own discretion.ReferencesIn this section, indicate the persons who can write recommendation letters for you. This must include their contact details. Customarily, two references are suitable an employer and an academic. Nevertheless, many employers do not check references at the application stage. Hence, unless the job advertisements particularly requests for your references, you can remove this section from your CV entirely. In addition, if you are running out of space, you can just state, “References are available upon request.” On a related note, if you have a dossi er with confidential references, mention it in this section as well. STRUCTURE OF A CVIn structuring your CV, you must consider the type of CV you use, the order in which you place your information in your CV, and the format that your CV takes. We will discuss all of these in this section.CV TypesThere are different types of CV, such as the traditional CV, the skills-based CV, the combination CV, the academic CV, the teaching CV, and the technical CV. Choose the one that best suits you and the job you are applying for.#1 Traditional CVAlso known as a chronological CV, the traditional CV matches your work experience and qualifications with the job position. This kind of CV is listed in reverse chronological order, wherein your most current experience and qualifications are indicated first.This kind of template for a CV makes it simple for employers to identify promising candidates for their vacancies. It also gives you the opportunity to offer them clear information about your work b ackground, qualifications, and responsibilities that parallel the job posting.For a traditional CV, you must include the following:dates make sure to cover gaps in your work history;work experience and qualifications match these two to the position that you are applying for; andadditional knowledge and skills address important knowledge and skills that the role is looking for.#2  Skills-Based CVAlso called the functional CV, you can use a skills-based CV if you have employment gaps. This CV is also helpful if you have little experience and/or are applying for a position that is not connected to your degree. Note that employability skills can be transferred to different employers and roles. This kind of CV gives you the opportunity to concentrate on your skills and other areas of your life.In a skills-based CV, you must strategically position your skills profile; match your skills to the job profile and even make use of similar headings; and show evidence of how you have made use of your skills on the ground. #3  Combination CVThis is called a combination CV because it takes the form of both traditional and skills-based formats. Due to this, this kind of CV is a bit longer than the usual.People who use this CV are probably those who want to shift careers, yet still have usable skills for the new field they are venturing into. Choose to use a combination CV if you have had a strong progression in your career as well as achievements; you would like to demonstrate your strengths and experience; and you are an applicant at the senior level with many achievements and much working experience.#4  Academic CVAcademic CVs stresses your academic accomplishments. These are important when you are applying for research-based roles or for lecturing. This includes research during the post-doctorate phase. Even though there is no page limit to the academic CV, it is critical to make your CV targeted and concise towards the job requirements.In this case, position your academ ic and research achievements, specialist skills, and research interest at the top of your CV. Make sure that your writing sounds scholarly, yet can be understood clearly by people who are outside of your field of interest. Every section should be in reverse chronological order.You should include the following in an academic CV: (1) outcomes of your research and potential developments; (2) detailed specialist skills; and (3) awarded grants, funding, attended conferences, publications, and professional memberships.#5  Teaching CVA teaching CV focuses on landing that teaching job.In order to make your CV stand out, ensure that you target your CV towards the position. Include the following in your teaching CV: (1) qualifications, especially information on your teacher training; (2) important courses during your degree; (3) details on school experience, highlighting the age range of individuals you would like to reach; other related teaching experience in summer camps, sports coaching, a nd the like; (4) significant volunteer experience; (5) interests connected to teaching like sporting activities and musical abilities; (6) skills useful for the role like languages, information technology, etc.; and (7) two references, one from teaching practice and one from teacher training.#6  Technical CVThe technical CV is meant for jobs involving information technology. This kind of CV can be used for application to positions such as IT consultant, web developer, applications developer, or software tester.In this CV, include a paragraph in the introduction that highlights your technical experience and expertise. Then integrate a part showing your key skills, wherein you can discuss your technical competencies in more detail. Although it is tempting to feature all of your technical abilities in one go, make sure that you have highlighted your most important skills first. You have to keep in mind that your CV needs to be understood by people who are not technical case in point, the recruiting managers.Make use of this type of CV if you want to highlight that you can maintain current software applications and create new ones; experience the application of technical theories, standards, and techniques; have problem-solving skills; and can communicate well.If you are an engineer or tech enthusiast, watch this video and learn how you need to adjust your CV. CV OrderHow you will structure your CV depends on the job you are applying for and your background. Usually, the very first thing on a CV for a job vacancy from someone out of graduate school begins with their education listed in chronological order, starting with the most recent. You can include details of your dissertation like its title with even a brief description.Next, know what jobs you are interested in, as well as your strengths. Put this in your CV. As you figure out what comes after your education, keep in mind that the earlier it is in your CV, the more emphasis you are putting on that informati on. The most important data comes first.If you would like to apply to a university that focuses on research, it is important to highlight conference presentations, research projects, particularly publications. If you are applying to a community college or liberal arts college that concentrates more on teaching, display your teaching prowess. In any case, make sure that the information is helpful in establishing your job qualifications.CV FormatNo matter what the CV format, make sure that your CV has sections that are clearly headed so employers can find the details that they are looking for. What this means is that your CV has clarity and blocks of information that make sense.Moreover, use common strategies in formatting CVs like parallelism and gapping. Parallelism focuses on the structure of your phrases or sentences that is made consistently throughout your CV. For example, if you use verb phrases in one part of your CV, do the same in the other parts of your CV. Gapping uses inc omplete sentences so you can show your information in a manner that is concise and clear.If you are thinking of using bullets, do so depending on how your CV will look as a whole. For example, if you have descriptive sentences that run two to three lines in your CV, use bullets to separate them. However, if you have short phrases in your CV, having bullets can leave much white space on your CV that can be used more effectively in other instances. Check the Print Preview on your word processing application to make sure that your CV does not look too crowded or misaligned. Just remember that your CV has to be concise yet exude readability. Always use this rule of thumb when putting your CV together.For font sizes, use typically used fonts like Arial or Times New Roman. Other unconventional fonts might be good for other projects, but not for your CV. This can distract your reader from the content you want them to focus on. With the exception of your name, try to use a uniform font size throughout the CV to keep your reader concentrated on your accomplishments.Remember, there is no one format for a CV. This is your document and this can be structured however you like. You have to keep in mind what you should focus on, depending on your discipline. Know what the most important factor in your discipline is and conform to their standard conventions. Nevertheless, how do you know what are the conventions of your industry? A good place to begin is to check out examples of CVs of people within your discipline who have been on the job market recently.You may even look for examples of CVs on the internet. A lot of professionals and professors post their CVs online on bulletin boards, faculty web pages, employee pages, etc. These documents are great templates for creating your CV. There is a caveat, however. Do not follow these examples to the smallest detail. They should, instead, be used as strategy sources.HOW TO IMPROVE YOUR CVIf you want to improve your CV, here are a couple of helpful tips:Plan Ahead. Always prepare your CV ahead of time, even before you spot any new job opportunities. Make sure to submit your application earlier than the closing date, so you will not be in a rush. By being prepared, you already have a good base to work on. You can simply customize your CV to a particular job opportunity without pouring in too much work on your CV.Double-Check and Edit. It may seem so repetitive, but there are many individuals who ignore this advice: make sure that you completely check and edit your CV. Even better, get someone to check the entire document for spelling and grammar errors, as well as clarity. Mistakes in your CV can lead it right to the recycle bin.Customize. Since a CV needs to be customized per job opportunity, make sure you are sending the right CV version to the right organization. It would seem quite bad, for example, if you focused your CV on your ability to follow leadership, but the company is actually looking for someon e who is more of a self-starter.Make it Interesting But Clear. Always guarantee that your CV is interesting and easy to read. Remember that employers and recruiting managers go through many CVs. So, do not make it challenging for them. Make it a pleasure for them to go through your CV. Think of what font would be good for your CV, as well as the size and the density of the text. Do not go beyond the color black.Make it Easy to Read. Use short blocks of text and bullets. Nevertheless, make sure that you do not use them for long lists. Always check if your document looks good by doing a Print Preview.Use Tables Sparingly. You can use tables for texts that are only of small amounts. Do not go overboard.Show Life Experience. Keep in mind that your life experience is almost as significant as your job experience. You can demonstrate that you know about budgeting, project management, and communication skills through your day-to-day life. Just frame it in a professional manner in your CV.As k for Help. Do not hesitate at asking your colleagues and friends for your strengths and if they have any advice or comments on your CV.

Saturday, May 23, 2020

Sustainability Planning For Sustainable Policies Essay

Addressing the challenges and opportunities in environmental policy making requires the analyses of various interweaving aspects which at times is almost impossible when utilizing a single tool under any given circumstance. The primary reason for sustainability planning in Forest Management, Wildlife Conservation and Rangeland Management lies in ensuring natural resources serve the present as well as future population. However, it is impossible to convince the population that is being driven by economic needs to abide by sustainable policies without concrete reasons; this brings in the notion of science-based decision making. Just in case a significant portion of the resources have been destroyed before the enforcement of the sustainable policies, a marketing solution would be employed to prevent further destruction as restoration is underway. Finally, a collaborative planning model would be applied to prevent recurrence of the incidences that led to destruction with the aim of conserving what is left by involving a larger crowd in decision-making. In summary, sustainability cannot be attained without the input of scientific research, collaborative management, and marketing solution. The focus of this paper is on Public Lands Management, the attention will be given to the challenges and opportunities that lie within. Therefore, this section will concentrate on the collaborative management tool. It will describe the pro’s and con’s in environmental policy making DavisShow MoreRelatedThe Implementation Gap Between Theory And Practice Of Heritage Planning738 Words   |  3 PagesOverview of Topic: Sustainability is somewhat of a contentious issue within heritage planning. It is widely used, but not always well understood. 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Tuesday, May 12, 2020

A Brief Note On Staffing Within Schools And Schools

IV. Staffing Staffing within schools is one of the most important aspects of an educational system. Without reliable, hardworking workers, the students’ education could be greatly affected. One of the biggest issues world-wide is that schools are teaching to the â€Å"typical† student. Therefore, students who are struggling or excelling compared to the â€Å"average† student are being left behind. Students who are struggling are not receiving the help they need; they are rather being failed, or ignored. On the other hand, students that are excelling are not being pushed to their full potential and are forced to stay on track with â€Å"average† students in their class. The Genovia directors of education has taken this matter into account and has created†¦show more content†¦This training keeps the teacher up-to-date on the goals and curricula as well as techniques to help a student’s learning experience successful. In order for teachers to be fully prepared in the classroom, we are giving teachers extra prep time (Anderson, 2015). Teacher preparation helps students develop the knowledge of the subject and skills needed to teach the subject in the classroom. Therefore, our educational system is developed with seven weeks of classroom time and one week off so teachers can discuss with their peers about future lessons. This system of well-prepared teachers will produce higher student achievement. Being the teacher of a crowded classroom full of students comes with great responsibilities. One teacher is incapable of answering every question each student has. Therefore, every teacher will be assisted by a teacher’s aid (Anderson, 2015). The teacher’s aid must be a college graduate and have a preferred Master’s degree. Also, he or she must go through training as well so he or she can stay well informed along with the teacher. The teacher’s aid will be in the classroom with the head teacher to help with the students. Building teachers aid into the system will help make certain that every student is receiving the help they need. In addition, mentors will be available for students. The mentors will track and evaluate the students to make sure they are receiving the resources they need and notice

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Feste Analysis in the First and Second Act of Twealth Night Free Essays

Fools in Shakespeare’s plays appear often. In Othello, the Tempest, Macbeth and many others, the buffoon is represented as an eclectic person paid to say the truth in a comic manner through songs and jokes. Even though Feste in Twelth Night does not speak frequently in the first and second acts, he says enough for us to see that he is an observant and clever man. We will write a custom essay sample on Feste Analysis in the First and Second Act of Twealth Night or any similar topic only for you Order Now Firstly, well associated with the spirit of the twelfth night, the night where society reverses roles, Feste reflects joy. His name is a great example of the happiness he expresses. Feste sounds a lot like the French word  «fete », which means party. In every scene he plays in the second act, he starts to sing. He says to Orsino that he takes  «pleasure in singing » which truly proves his delight in what he does. In other words, he is a man that likes his job. But the name Feste associates with the twelfth night in a traditional way too. He is allowed to say whatever he wishes because he is a licensed fool, as we found out when Olivia referred to him as  «an allowed fool ». This freedom of speech fits in well with the reversal of roles involved in the 12th night ritual. When Olivia orders  «take away the fool », he answers  «take away the lady ». This disrespectful answer would have ended the employment of any of the other servants of the lady. But, even considering the fixed hierarchical structure of society at the time, Feste can say whatever he thinks as long as he says it in song or in a comic manner. Moreover, Feste’s job contrasts with his abilities. Since he is a fool, we expect him to be illiterate, certainly not very perspicacious, but on the contrary, he turns out to be the most intelligent character of the play. This is shown by his developed sense of repartee hidden through his role of jester. For example, in the last scene of the first Act, Maria criticizes Feste of having no real bravery, as he pretends to have, compared with soldiers. He answers that everyone should do what he is good at ( «And those that are fools, let them use their talent.  »). This response seems wise and philosophical. But Feste as a fool is obviously someone with a great sense of humor. Over five hundred years, many ideas about life and society have changed and evolved, but humor has remained universal. Feste’s talent and ability is to shield himself with his persona as a fool, but to offer insights and insults of a very wise man. He never behaves badly or in a juvenile way: playing around with food, drinks or other accessories. His only accessory is language. Scene 3 of Act 2, Sir Andrew jokes about Feste because of his status but Feste replies:  «How now, my hearts! Did you never see the picture of â€Å"We Three†?  » implying that Sir Andrew, Sir Toby and himself are fools. This short answer is hilarious because Sir Andrew is wordless but the silky tone emphasize the comic feature of the quote. It seems to me that fools like Feste have two roles in Shakespeare’s plays. First, they provide comic relief to what might otherwise be a heavy, if not depressing story. We look forward to their appearance to give us an uplift from the more serious developments in the plot. Without the fool this story would have had a totally different tone, simply a depressing tragedy. Second, they are the characters with which we, the audience, identify. Yes, we too are really insightful and we too see all the foibles and vices of the characters and we too would express our thoughts and observations through witty banter if we lived in these social circles in these times, or so we like to think. How to cite Feste Analysis in the First and Second Act of Twealth Night, Essay examples

Saturday, May 2, 2020

The Rise and Fall of Populism free essay sample

The Farmers Alliance In the sass, as drought hit the wheat-growing areas of the Great Plains and prices for Southern cotton sunk to new lows, many tenant farmers fell into deep debt. Lenders, grain-elevator owners, and others with whom farmers did business were angered. Depression worsened in the early 1 8905, and some industrial workers shared different views on labor, trust, and monopolies. If the various alliances between the North and South were able to unite, they wouldve created an astonishing mighty political force.Unfortunately, sectional differences and personality clashes quickly halted this idea. The Saint Louis meeting in 1889 formed a clear idea where certain alliances existed. Clearly, white southerners feared reprisals from landowners, and objected participation by blacks. They also rejected proposals that would have ended secret whites-only activities. Northerners also feared domination by more experienced southern leaders. The Republican Party mostly consisted of Northern farmers who wanted protective tariffs to keep out foreign grain. Democrats, who were mostly white southerners, wanted low tariffs to hold down the costs of foreign manufactured goods. Despite these differences, both parties did favor the overpayment regulation of transportation and communications, liberal credit policies, equitable taxation, prohibition of landownership, by foreign investigators, and currency reform. Due to this confidence, the alliances drew more deeply into politics. Farmers had elected a number of officeholders in 1890. Alliance members controlled four governorships, eight state legislatures, forty-four seats in the U.S. House of Representatives, and three seats in the U. S. Senate. The Populist movement arose as a revolt against the special privileges of industrialism and the American banking system. The Rise of Populists In the Midwest, Alliance candidates often ran on the independent third- party tickets and achieved some success in Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakota. During the summer of 1890, the Kansas Alliance held a convention of the people Formation of the Peoples party eventually began to call themselves Populists which derives from the Latin word populous meaning people.This American movement primarily stared to improve conditions for farmers and laborers. The Election of 1892 As the populists won over the state legislature of Kansas in 1 890, William Prefer became the partys first U. S. Senator. Due to Puffers humorous Geiger, Easter journalists and politicians viewed the party as a joke. Despite their opinion, the party gained popularity and support. By 1 892, the party was ready for independent action. They summoned a Peoples party convention in Omaha on July 4 to draft a platform and nominate a presidential candidate. The new partys platform was one of the most comprehensive reform documents in American history. Corruption dominated the ballot box. More importantly, corruption fostered inequality that threatened to split American society. The Omaha platform claimed Wealth belongs to him that created it, ND addressed the three central sources of unrest: transportation, land, and money. Populists demanded government ownership of telegraph lines and railroads and urged the federal government to reclaim all land owned for speculative purposes by railroads and foreigners.Others advocated a graduated income tax, postal savings banks, direct election of the U. S. Senators, and shorter hours for workers. The party nominated an official founder through a merger of the Farmers Alliance and the Knights of Labor. James B. Weaver of Iowa was a former Union general and supporter of a liberally increased money supply. The Populist campaign roared of colorful speeches from Cockles Jerry Simpson, an unschooled rural reformer, and of Mary Ellen Lease, who urged farmers to raise less corn and more hell The South introduced Charles W. Menace of Texas, Thomas Watson of Georgia, and Leonia Polk of North Carolina.The vigorous language on the Omaha platform derived from Minnesotas Igniting Donnelly, pseudo-scientist and writer of apocalyptic novels. Finally, the campaign presented James Hog, the three-hundred- pound governor of Texas, and one-eyed Senator, Pitchfork Ben Italian of South Carolina, who ere not dedicated populists, but rather used the campaigning for their own political needs. James B. Weaver and campaigned for the following: Unlimited cheap silver money (they wanted a rate of sixteen ounces of silver to one ounce Of gold) ;Government ownership Of all railroads and telephone companies ; A graduated income tax Direct election of U.S. Senators ; Single-term limits for presidents ; Immigration restriction ; Shorter workdays Although Weaver gathered over a million votes in the 1 892 election, and majorities in four states and twenty-two electoral votes, he lost badly. Rural dwellers still had emotional faith in the future. Even though populists were flawed Democrats-they still wanted to fulfill their version of American ideals and stuck with their mistrust of blacks. Millions of people had begun to believe that a cooperative democracy could overcome corporate power.Between 1 892 and 1896, however, the party failed to make further gains, in part because of fraud, intimidation, and violence by Southern Democrats. The Depression of 1893 An apparently minor but ominous event occurred shortly before Grover Cleveland took office for the second time in 1893: the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, one a profitable line, went bankrupt. Due to the heavy borrowing to lay the track and build stations and bridges, ultimately put the company into an unplayable debt. Manufacturers experienced a similar dilemma.McCormick farm machinery factories bought more machines to get more work out of fewer laborers. This strategy, however, only enlarged the debt and increased unemployment. The employers couldnt pay their creditors. The failure of the National Cordage Company in May 1893 accelerated a chain reaction of business and bank closings. By June, the number of failed banks reached 128. Between 1893 and 1897, the nation suffered the worst economic depression it has ever experienced. The severe depression made Grover Cleveland, from the Democratic party wildly unpopular.Between 1892 and 1 895, New York policeman estimated that twenty thousand homeless and jobless people roamed the city streets. As the depression grew, the currency conflict reached a breaking point. The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1 890 had committed the government to buy 4. 5 million ounces of silver each month. Payment was to be in gold, at the ratio of one ounce of gold for every sixteen ounces of silver. The nations gold reserve soon fell below $100 million in early 1893. President Cleveland called a special session of Congress to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act and was actually repealed in late 1893.At about the time Cleveland called the session, doctors had discovered a malignant tumor on his plate that required immediate removal. He kept his illness a secret in fear of the publics attention. He eventually recovered, but those who knew of his surgery believed it had sapped his vitality. After improving slightly, in 1 895, the economy plunged again. Farm income declines, factories closed, and banks that remained open restricted withdrawals. As in most hard times, the depression reached a limit. New gold discoveries in Alaska, good harvests, and industrial growth brought relief.Railroads had been the primary mover of the American economy in the sass ,which led to the opening of new markets. By 1890, many companies expanded too rapidly. People also under-estimated their debts driving five hundred banks and sixteen thousand businesses into failure. Canadian and Russian wheat growers, Argentine cattle ranchers, Indian and Egyptian cotton producers, and Australian wool producers also implicated matters with American farmers. When farmers fell into debt and lost purchasing power, the economic health of railroads, farm-implements, manufacturers, banks and other businesses Were affected.Over thirteen hundred strikes and riots took place in 1 894, which led to the beginning of the era of protest in 1877. Throughout this time, societies began to establish a new socialist order of justice and inequality. It appealed to intellectuals because it promised an end to class conflict and crude materialism. Coccyxs Army American socialism lacked strong leadership and therefore suffered rattle. In 1 894, the American Railway Union elevated a new socialist leader, Eugene V. Debs. Although he never good at organizing, Debs captivated large audiences with his attacks on the free-enterprise system.Soon enough, however, Debs had to share his attention with a quiet businessman from Mainsails, Ohio. Like Debs, Jacob S. Coxes believed the government should issue paper money unpacked by gold. Coxes started an army and gathered recruiters from industrial towns and rural villages. His march on April 30th, expressed the frustration of people seeking relief from uncertainty. The roofs main focus was more jobs and better living standards. This group eventually became the Socialist party by the 1 9005. Democratic leaders wanted to destroy the third-party threat.Because of this, many Populists decided to maintain a middle ground between the two larger parties and not merge with either. Inside the peoples party, mid- readers sought to schedule the national convention before those of the Republicans and Democrats. When they lost the fights, fusions hoped that silver-Democrats would be victorious in the convention. When this happenedwith the nomination of William Jennings Bryan on a ere-silver platformmid-readers found themselves in a difficult spot. The Populists were underhanded and industrialized in late 1894.Republicans and Democrats took turns to destroy the Populist voting strength. To do so, southern white legislators took steps into preventing all blacks from voting. In 1 876, the Fifteenth Amendment prohibited states from denying the right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Their second attempt was implying a poll tax eight months before voting and to prove someone is literate, expecting many blacks to be incapable of such acts. Bryan and the Cross Of Gold speech Democrats who were silver supporters went over to the Populists as the presidential elections of 1 896 neared. The Democratic convention that year was witness to one of the most famous speeches in U. S. Political history. Pleading with the convention not to crucify mankind on a cross of gold, William Jennings Bryan, the young Nebraskan champion of silver, won the Democrats presidential nomination but it presented the Populist party with a serious problem. Should Populists join Democrats in support of Bryan, or should they nominate their own candidate? Many reasoned that supporting a efferent candidate would split the anti-McKinley vote and guarantee a Republican victory.The Failure of Populism The results revealed that the political stand-off had finally ended. McKinley beat Bryan by over 600,000 popular votes and won in the Electoral College by 271 to 176. McKinley appealed to a wide range of Americans. Conservative Americans feared cheap money and inflation so much that they flocked to McKinley and the Republican camp. Wealthy businessmen in the East dumped about $6-?12 million into McKinley campaign, making it the fattest campaign fund of any American candidate ever. Some Democrats tie reasonably claimed that McKinley had purchased the White House.McKinley ultimately killed the Populists dream of free silver in 1 900 when he signed the Gold Standard Act to peg the value Of the dollar to an ounce Of gold. He also signed the Dingles Tariff in 1897 to set overall tariff rates at about 45 percent. Although Populists and fusion candidates won a few state and congressional elections, the Bryan-Watson ticket of the Populist party polled only 222,600 votes nationwide. Therefore, the Populist crusade collapsed in 1896. Historians regard the election of 1 896 as one of the most important elections of the nineteenth century, and certainly the most significant election since the Civil War.First, it represented a victory of urban middle-class Americans over agrarian interests in the West and South. Populism had never really spread into the cities, and Brans appeal for free silver and inflation had alienated even the poorest Americans in the cities who depended on a stable dollar for survival. The Bryan campaign thus marked the last attempt to win the presidency through appeals to rural voters. It also marked the death of the Populist movement, which lost steam when it purported the Bryan campaign, essentially merging With the Democratic Party.

Monday, March 23, 2020

Violence Against Women Act Essay Example For Students

Violence Against Women Act Essay The Violence Against Women Act creates a right to be free from crimes ofviolence that are gender motivated. It also gives a private civil right ofaction to the victims of these crimes. The Senate report attached to the actstates that Gender based crimes and fear of gender based crimesreducesemployment opportunities and consumer spending affecting interstatecommerce. Sara Benenson has been abused by her husband, Andrew Benenson, since 1978. Because of this abuse, she sued her husband under various tort claims andviolations under the Violence Against Women Act. Now Mr. Benenson isprotesting the constitutionality of this act claiming that Congress has noright to pass a law that legislates for the common welfare. However, Congress has a clear Constitutional right to regulate interstatecommerce. This act is based solely on interstate commerce and is thereforeConstitutional. Because of abuse, Sara Benenson was afraid to get a jobbecause it would anger her husband. She was afraid to go back to school andshe was afraid to go shopping or spend any money on her own. All three ofthese things clearly interfere and affect interstate commerce. Women likeMrs. Benenson are the reason the act was passed. We will write a custom essay on Violence Against Women Act specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There has been a long history of judgements in favor of Congresss power tolegislate using the commerce clause as a justification. For the past fiftyyears, Congresss right to interpret the commerce clause has beenunchallenged by the Court with few exceptions. There is no rational reasonfor this court to go against the powerful precedents set by the Supreme courtto allow Congress to use the Commerce clause. In the case of Katzenbach v. McClung, the Court upheld an act of Congresswhich was based on the commerce clause, that prohibited segregation. McClung,the owner of a barbeque that would not allow blacks to eat inside therestaurant, claimed that his business was completely intrastate. He statedthat his business had little or no out of state business and was thereforenot subject to the act passed by Congress because it could not legislateintrastate commerce. The Court however, decided that because the restaurantreceived some of its food from out of state that it was involved ininterstate commerce. The same logic should be applied in this case. Even though Sara Benensonsinability to work might not seem to affect interstate commerce, it will insome way as with McClung, thus making the act constitutional. The SupremeCourt had decided that any connection with interstate commerce,as long as ithas a rational basis, makes it possible for Congress to legislate it. In the United States v. Lopez decision, The Supreme Court struck down the GunFree School Zones Act. Its reasoning was that Congress had overstepped itspower to legislate interstate commerce. The Court decided that this act wasnot sufficiently grounded in interstate commerce for Congress to be allowedto pass it. The circumstances in this case are entirely different than in the case ofSara Benenson. For one thing, the Gun Free School Zones Act was not nearly aswell based in the commerce clause as is our case. The Gun act said thatviolence in schools kept student from learning and therefore limited theirfuture earning power. It also said that violence affected national insurancecompanies. These connections are tenuous at best and generally too long termto be considered. However, in the case of Mrs. Benenson, her inability towork and spend directly and immediately affected interstate commerce. Therefore, the Lopez decision should not have any part in the decision ofthis case. .u56e8b94a0f16dec2e6c2ea2ee84abe1f , .u56e8b94a0f16dec2e6c2ea2ee84abe1f .postImageUrl , .u56e8b94a0f16dec2e6c2ea2ee84abe1f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u56e8b94a0f16dec2e6c2ea2ee84abe1f , .u56e8b94a0f16dec2e6c2ea2ee84abe1f:hover , .u56e8b94a0f16dec2e6c2ea2ee84abe1f:visited , .u56e8b94a0f16dec2e6c2ea2ee84abe1f:active { border:0!important; } .u56e8b94a0f16dec2e6c2ea2ee84abe1f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u56e8b94a0f16dec2e6c2ea2ee84abe1f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u56e8b94a0f16dec2e6c2ea2ee84abe1f:active , .u56e8b94a0f16dec2e6c2ea2ee84abe1f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u56e8b94a0f16dec2e6c2ea2ee84abe1f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u56e8b94a0f16dec2e6c2ea2ee84abe1f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u56e8b94a0f16dec2e6c2ea2ee84abe1f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u56e8b94a0f16dec2e6c2ea2ee84abe1f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u56e8b94a0f16dec2e6c2ea2ee84abe1f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u56e8b94a0f16dec2e6c2ea2ee84abe1f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u56e8b94a0f16dec2e6c2ea2ee84abe1f .u56e8b94a0f16dec2e6c2ea2ee84abe1f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u56e8b94a0f16dec2e6c2ea2ee84abe1f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Anthropologie Culturelle EssayThe Supreme Court, in McCulloch v. Maryland, gave Congress the right to makelaws that are out of their strict Constitutional powers so as to be able tofulfill one of their Constitutional duties. In this case, the Court allowedthe federal government to create a bank. There is no Constitutional right todo this and Maryland challenged the creation of this bank. The high courtruled that in order for Congress to be able to accomplish its duties. The same logic should be applied here. The Violence Against Women Act is anexample of Congress overstepping its direct Constitutional rights so it canbetter regulate and facilitate interstate commerce. In order for Congress tolegislate interstate commerce fairly, it must allow people to be able to workand spend as they should be able to. If a woman is afraid of being abused ifshe gets a job or spends money, it affects interstate commerce. Thus TheViolence Against Women Act is Constitutionally based and necessary forinterstate commerce. Violence against women is a terrible crime. It destroys womens self esteem,tears apart families, and destroys lives. Many times, it will lead to murderor other terrible crimes. What the Violence Against Women Act is trying to dois give women a weapon to protect themselves from violent spouses. Withoutthis act, many women would be left incapable of getting any form of financialredress for the years of suffering and abuse they went through. It is wrong to deny women a tool to rebuild theyre lives after an abusiverelationship. The years of abuse they went through makes it hard if notimpossible for them to get a job or work in an office. These women are afraidfor the rest of their lives that if they make a mistake or displease the menaround them, they will be beaten. This act allows women to get some means ofgetting money to live on while they rebuild their lives. It allows them toseek professional help if necessary. Without this act, women would be forcedon welfare or worse. When this h appens, it benefits no one. The Violence Against Women Act has a strong Constitutional basis in thecommerce clause, despite what Andrew Benenson says. The Supreme Court hasallowed many acts such as this to stand for the past fifty years. All theprecedents of cases with similar circumstances are to allow the act tostand. Also, we cannot forget the human aspect of this case. This act is atool for women to rebuild their shattered lives after an abusiverelationship. To declare his act unconstitutional would be both legally andmorally wrong.Words/ Pages : 971 / 24

Friday, March 6, 2020

How to Write a Thriller in 7 Heart-Stopping Steps

How to Write a Thriller in 7 Heart-Stopping Steps How to Write a Thriller in 7 Heart-Stopping Steps Someone has been kidnapped and your protagonist is trying to prevent their murder. The clock is ticking but their car has just exploded, the building they were in has been set on fire, and, as they turn around to try to escape, they are face-to-face with a gun†¦. Now what? Since you’re here, you obviously want to answer that question by writing your own thriller.In this post, we look at how to write a thriller by outlining the main characteristics of the genre and turning to professional editors for their top tips.What is a thriller?A thriller is a fast-paced novel full of conflict, tension, suspense, unexpected twists, and high stakes. Every single scene and element in a thriller is meant to propel the action forward, test the characters, and take the readers on a roller coaster ride that will leave them on the edge of their seats.What are some of your favorite thrillers? Let us know in the comments below!

Tuesday, February 18, 2020

Management in eco-friendly organizations (Benefits of Going Green) Essay

Management in eco-friendly organizations (Benefits of Going Green) - Essay Example To ensure eco-friendly organizations, the management must be committed to implementing green strategies and ensuring ethical leadership. The organization structure determines the kind of relationship the management has with employees, customers, stockholders and the community as a whole. Besides maximizing profits for the shareholders, the management should ensure it is operating ethically and is socially responsible (Berman et al. 1999). By implementing green strategies costs are reduced, the company gains reputation, workers work in a healthy environment thus improving their productivity, the company can attract and retain highly qualified employees and engage in constant innovations hence remain competitive in the market (Crawford et al. 2008). The paper will discuss the benefits that various industries achieve by enacting green strategies in their operations. Benefits of Going Green Various industries achieve different benefits from utilizing environment friendly operations. Global warming is rampant due to greenhouse gas emissions especially from the manufacturing and vehicle industries. The manner in which business premises are constructed also contribute to gas emissions as a result of the materials used, the lighting, heating and cooling systems inside the building as well as transportation of building materials (Crawford et al. 2008). Most companies however, are trying to reduce the emissions by putting up environmental friendly buildings. Reduction of carbon emissions is also necessary if the environment has to be conserved. One of the companies in the vehicle manufacture industry has done a lot over the years to ensure sustainable environment. Honda Motor Company with its headquarters in Japan is one of the leading companies in implementing environmentally friendly policies. It specializes in motorcycles, automobiles and power products. It has 176, 815 c onsolidated employees and 26,121 unconsolidated employees. Its new global environmental slogan is â€Å"Blue skies for our children† (Honda.com, 2011). According to Pride et al (2010), Honda is committed to reduction of pollution, conservation of water and energy, recycling, reduced carbon emissions and production of fuel efficient vehicles. It has produced natural gas powered civic CIX and hydrogen full cell cars FCX which are environmental friendly. As a result, the company has earned a lot of reputation and good will from the community and stakeholders. It is considered as one of the leading automakers in the vehicle industry. It has an environmental committee which oversees green strategies formulation and implementation. One of the benefits of going green for a company is thus is gaining outstanding reputation. Another company in the financial sector which has managed to gain much reputation from applying environment friendly policies is the Goldman

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

Marketing and Sales for tourism and Hotels Assignment

Marketing and Sales for tourism and Hotels - Assignment Example This creates a perception in the customer’s mind which prompts them to visit or recommend others either consciously or subconsciously. This paper therefore seeks to analyze the current marketing situation that faces movie world, theme park in gold coast Australia, and access its success in delivering customer experience which complements the organizations image. Movie world remains the most popular theme park at the Australian gold coast, Queensland in Australia. It is the only movie related park and is owned by the village roadshow. The park has an awesome aesthetic external appearance that compliments the ambience in the park. Constructed on a 415 acre piece of land, it is a master piece designed by C.V Wood in 1893 and has several active film studios within its complex. It also contains a number of movie-themed rides as well as attractions that range from roller coasters, slow river rides to simulators. In addition, there are several costumed character performers that walk freely in the park and visitors are able to take photos with them. These include famous movie characters such as Batman, Austin powers, Scooby doo and Marylyn Monroe. The above facilities available at the park deliver an exciting experience to visitors every time they visit the park (Seth & Bhat, 2005) The park is divided into four different segments namely; a wild beast area, a kids’ WB fun zone, a DC comic’s superhero hub and finally a main street. The main street features attractions that are based around filmmaking and movies .it is a home to a vast array of movie productions such as all-star parade, ice age and Batman’s Shadows of Gotham. The kids’ WB fun zone is majorly for the children. It features a number of rides that are specifically designed for children such as Looney tunes carousel and speedy Gonzalez. The other two majorly focus on water rides and rollercoasters. From the above, it is evident that Movie world

Sunday, January 26, 2020

Business description and market analysis for cadbury

Business description and market analysis for cadbury Cadbury is a global manufacturer, marketer and distributor of branded confectionery. The companys confectionery business operates chocolate, gum and sugar categories. The company along with its subsidiaries primarily operates in the Eurozone, the US, Central and Southern America, Australia and other parts of Asia Pacific. Chocolate business represents the biggest business segment of the company with around 46% of the overall revenues FY2008. The companys chocolate business is carried out on a regional basis according the tastes of the consumers in each market. The company operates its business through four business segments namely: Britain, Ireland, Middle East and Africa (BIMA), Americas, Europe, and Asia Pacific. Britain and Ireland (BI) is the largest business unit in the Group. The company has strong market position in the UK (30% market share in FY2008), and Ireland (42%). The companys main markets in Middle East and Africa include South Africa, Botswana, Swaziland, Namibia, Kenya, Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco, Nigeria, and Ghana. The company American business comprises the US, Canada and Mexico, three of the largest confectionery markets in the world, and extends through Central America and the Caribbean. The company also has its operations in South American countries including Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, Colombia and Peru. The company is the leading player in South America with a market share of nearly 20%, with core strengths in gum and candy. In Europe, the company has significant gum and candy businesses, with strong gum market shares in the majority of Western Europe, Scandinavia, Turkey and Russia. The companys chocolate business is concentrated in Poland, Russia and France.The companys biggest European operating unit is in France. The companys Asian businesses are concentrated in India, Malaysia, Thailand and China. The companys key brands in these regions include Cadbury Dairy Milk, Bournvita, Halls, Eclairs/Choclairs, Clorets, and Dentyne. In the Pacific regions the companys operations are primarily located in Australia, New Zealand and Japan. Cadbury has a leading position in Australia with an overall 30% market share. While in New Zealand, the company holds a market share of around 41% in FY2008. 3.2 HISTORY Cadbury Schweppes (which was split into: Cadbury plc; and Dr pepper Snapple Group in May 2008) was actually formed in 1969 by the merger of Schweppes and Cadbury Group. Over the years, Cadbury Schweppes expanded its business through organic growth and acquisitions. In 1982, it acquired Motts, which was engaged in the production of apple juice and sauce. The company further strengthened its portfolio of key brands through the purchase of Canada Dry (1986), Trebor (1989), and Bassett (1989). In the 1990s, Cadbury Schweppes acquired 14 more companies, including the US soda giant Dr Pepper/7 UP (1995). Cadbury acquired Snapple Beverage Group in 2000. In the same year, the company also made acquisitions of Hollywood, and Kraft Foods in France, and Wuxi Leaf Confectionery in China to strengthen its chewing gum portfolio. Other acquisitions in the year included Spring Valley Juice and Wave flavored milk in Australia; and Mauna LaI tropical juice drink in the US. In the following year, Cadbury Schweppes acquired Pernod Ricards soft drinks brands and businesses in Europe, North America and Australia. Also in 2001, Cadbury Schweppes acquired the Slush Puppie, a frozen, non-carbonated beverages firm; and Carteret, a contract packer mainly of Snapple. The company also purchased La Casera, Spains third largest soft drinks manufacturer. In 2002, Snapple Beverages, a subsidiary of Cadbury Schweppes, purchased Nantucket Nectars, a producer of premium high juice content drinks. In the same year, the company acquired Brau und Brunnens 72% interest in the Apollinaris Schweppes joint venture in Germany. In 2003, Cadbury completed the acquisition of Adams Confectionery from Pfizer with its brands included Halls, Trident, Dentyne and the Bubbas bubblegum range. In the same year, Cadbury Schweppes main UK operating arm, the Cadbury Trebor Bassett division, announced the closure of two of its factories located in Greater Manchester and Chesterfield. In 2005, the company invested  £40 million (approximately $74.2 million) at its Bournville factory in Birmingham, UK to meet the growing demand for Cadbury Dairy Milk. In the following year, Cadbury sold its business division of Europe Beverages. The company fully acquired the Dr Pepper/Seven Up Bottling Group in the same year. In 2007, Cadbury Schweppes acquired the Southeast-Atlantic Beverage, the second largest independent bottler in the US, by Americas Beverages. In the same year, Cadbury Schweppes acquired Intergum, the leading Turkish gum business. In the same year, Cadbury Schweppes announced its plan to split itself into two separate businesses focusing on chocolate and confectionery on the one hand and the US soft drinks on the other. In February 2008, Cadbury Schweppes sold its Monkhill business, a manufacturer of sugar confectionery and popcorn for the UK market. In May 2008, Cadbury Schweppes completed its demerger and was split into: Cadbury plc, the new holding company of the worldwide confectionery operations and the Australian beverages business; and Dr Pepper Snapple Group (DPS), the new holding company of the Americas beverages business. Further in December 2008, Cadbury plc sold its Schweppes Beverages business in Australia to Asahi Breweries for a total consideration of approximately  £550 million ($1,020 million). In May 2009, Cadbury Schweppes Overseas, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Cadbury purchased 4% of the share capital of Kent Gida Maddeleri, a Turkey base supplier of confectionary products, from Tahincioglu Holding. In September 2009, Cadbury rejected a  £10,200 billion (approximately $18,922 million) offer from Kraft Foods to combine the two businesses and create a global manufacturer of snacks, confectionery and quick meals. 3.3 MAJOR PRODUCTS AND SERVICES Cadbury is an international manufacturing and marketing company of branded confectionery products. The companys key products and brands include the following: Products: Chocolates Candy Candy bars Chewing gum The key chocolate brands of the company include Caramilk, Cherry Ripe, Crunchie, Five Star, Freddo, Mieszanka Wedlowska, Milk Tray, Moro, Mr. Big, Old Gold, and Perk. The company also offers a cocoa based food drink beverage under Bournvita brand name. Gum business offers chewing gum with a number of flavors including strawberry splash, strong mint, peppermint and watermelon wave. The business contributed around 33% of the companys overall sales in FY2008. The key gum brands of the company include Bubblicious, Falim, First, Stride, and V6. The company offers a number of functional candies including cough drops, indulgent candy such as premium toffees. The company offers its candy products in a number of flavors including American hard gums, mints, sherbet lemons, pear drops, everton mints, imperials, mint creams, and fruit, lemon, and strawberry. The key brands of the company under this category include Bassetts, Kent, Maynards, Pascall, Sour Patch, and Swedish Fish. 3.4 CADBURY, INDIA 3.4.1 COMPANY BACKGROUND à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cadbury India is a subsidiary of Cadbury Plc, with Cadbury Schweppes holding a 97.61% stake in its local subsidiary. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The company operates in the hot drinks and packaged food industries. In packaged food it is present in confectionery, biscuits and dairy products. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The companys strategy is to cater to all price segments and consumer groups have a strong presence across the major impulse and indulgence categories in India. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It has national coverage with manufacturing and distribution facilities in all four regions. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In March 2009 the company re-launched Cadburys Perk with a new image, and employed up and coming bollywood actress as its new brand ambassador. The Perk brand portfolio was also extended with the launch of Cadburys Perk Poppers a selfline positioned as direct competition to Nestlà ©s Munch Pop Chocs. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The company launched Cadbury Bournville Fine Dark Chocolate from its parent companys international brand portfolio in India in October 2008. The company also launched Cadburys Dairy Milk Shots in late à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In a bid to cater to all consumer groups, the company launched Cadbury Lite in February 2008. This is a smooth milk chocolate with no added sugar, which is suitable for diabetics. 3.4.2 PRODUCTION à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The company supplies the local market through its local production units. Cadbury India has five factories, located in Thane, Pune, Induri and Malanpur in West India, and Baddi in North India. Cocoa is one of the major raw materials used by the company, and is procured mainly from plantations in South India, in the states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The company exports its products to Sri Lanka, Dubai, the US and the Maldives. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cadbury India is not known to be involved in third party manufacturing. 3.4.3 COMPETITIVE POSITIONING à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The company ranked seventh in packaged food in India in 2008 with a 3% value share. The company is the leading player in confectionery, with its Cadburys Dairy Milk brand accounting for over 13% of total confectionery value at the end of the review period. The companys other brands, such as 5 Star and Cadburys Gems, have been favourites across several generations, and the company is highly visible in the mass media channels with its tagline of kuch meetha ho jaye (lets have something sweet). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The company is also very active with media and consumer promotions, as well as flavour innovations for its malt-based hot drinks brand Bournvita. While its presence in biscuits is very low it has represented the sole driver of sales in filled biscuits with Bytes. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The company is a key innovator in packaged food in India as it has pioneered several new product concepts, including Chocki and Bytes, and has been active in flavour innovation with products such as Fruity Gems and Bournvita 5 Star Magic. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The company strives to maintain its leadership in confectionery in India and expanded its presence in Confectionery in 2007 with the launch of Bubbaloo its first gum product in India. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The companys presence in packaged food in India is mainly concentrated in confectionery, where it is present across almost all categories. Its product portfolio outside confectionery is limited to flavoured powder milk drinks and filled biscuits. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The company is mainly present in well-established and mature categories in India. However, several of the categories in which it is present, including malt-based drinks, filled biscuits and chocolate confectionery, are fast growing with double digit constant value forecast CAGRs. Moreover, the company heavily leverages new product launches and brand re-launches to boost growth rates in the categories in which it is already well established. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The company has a very large product portfolio within confectionery. However, its brand portfolio is very limited in biscuits and flavoured powder milk drinks. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The company is positioned in the standard and premium price segments in confectionery and in the premium price segment in biscuits and flavoured powder milk drinks. 3.4.4 SWOT ANALYSIS Cadbury is a global manufacturer, marketer and distributor of branded confectionery products. The company has a strong market presence across all its operating regions. It is the market leader in the global confectionery sector with a market share of 10.5%. Strong global market position would boost the revenues and profitability of the company. However, the rising raw material prices and intense competition would affect the companys market share in certain geographies. A very peculiar characteristic of the chocolate consumers is that there is an overwhelming awareness among the users about different brands that exist in the market. There is however very little brand loyalty in users. People always are ready to try out new brands and keep on switching from one brand to another. This behaviour poses lot of challenge, as the job of designing of marketing strategies becomes two fold. Firstly non-users need to be converted to users and more importantly the existing customers should be retained. Organisational analysis of Cadburys Organizational analysis identifies the knowledge, skills, and abilities that employees will need in the future as the organization and their jobs change. Organizational analysis is a holistic approach which involves looking at the entire organization; the overall structure, the departments, functions, processes, jobs, the interplay between groups, system dynamics, human energy alignment, and other issues. It explores what is as compared to what should be and the gaps between the two. Strength Cadbury is a company, which is reputed internationally as the topmost chocolate provider in the world. The brand is well known to people they can easily identify it from others. Users have a positive perception about the qualities of the brand. Cadbury main strength is Dairy milk. Dairy milk is the most consumed chocolate in India. By using popular models like Cyrus Brocha, Preety Zinta and others Cadburys has managed to portray a young and sporty image, which has resulted in converting buyers of other brands to become its staunch loyalists. By roping in Amitabh Bachchan as its brand ambassador, Cadbury has succeeded in portraying itself as an evergreen, credible, trustworthy and eternal product. Cadbury has well adjusted itself to Indian custom. With the brilliant marketing campaign of Kuch Meetha Ho Jaye on every small or big family or social occasion, Cadbury has been able to create the notion that any occasion has to go along with a Cadbury. It has also catered to all the age groups across various demographics. It has properly repositioned itself in India whenever required i.e. from children to adults, togetherness bar to energizing bar for young ones etc. Weaknesses There is lack of penetration in the rural market where people tend to dismiss it as a high end product. It is mainly found in urban and semi-urban areas. It has been relatively high priced brand, which is turning the price conscious customer away. People avoid having their chocolate thinking about the egg ingredients. Cadbury offers a limited variety of products as opposed to other leading competitive brands, e.g. Amul and Nestle that offer an array of products like biscuits, dairy products, etc. One of the major raw materials i.e. cocoa has to be imported, leading to bunched imports and higher inventory. Majority of the markets in India are not air conditioned, hence cannot store chocolates, at least during hot summers, which limits market access. Environmental Analysis of Cadburys Opportunities The chocolate market has seen one of the greatest increases in the recent times (almost @ 30%). There is a lot of potential for growth and a huge population who do not eat chocolates even today that can be converted as new users. Infrastructure and potential to expand (other countries and markets) Narrowing down on their most popular and highest selling items (dairy milk) to increase sales (including brand ambassadors) Venture into new segments individually or jointly (food and beverages) Introduce their foreign products in India Targeting urban areas and developing sectors- by working on availability and affordability Using information and technology to bring efficiency in logistics and distribution. Though small now, fast growing modern trade with A/c and good ambience suitable for Cadbury products offers huge growth opportunity. Increase related category offerings like snacks (Cadbury bytes) Introduce Schweppes non carbonic drinks in India. Increase the chewing gum market. Threat There exists no brand loyalty in the chocolate market and consumers frequently shift their brands. New brands are coming and existing brands are introducing new variants to add up to an already overcrowded market. Competitors could use scandals in the past and company problems against the company (worm scandal). This could put the reputation of the company at stake. Stiff competition in the confectionery segment. (Amul, Nestle, etc.) New competition including global majors like mars Hersheys expected to enter the fray due to opening up of the Indian economy. The company has large exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk, mainly on account of imported cocoa beans and cocoa butter in US dollars and Pound Sterling. Significant increase in the food snacks segment offerings which means high indirect competition with low cost local players as well as high brand recognition global players. As Cadbury produces chocolates and a few related products, effective management of all the areas proves to be difficult at times. Trends of purchase may change with the ever-changing taste preference of consumers. Changing restrictions and rules from Government quality control boards may result in pressure on the production of the company cost increase Cadbury is exposed to rise in the cost of cocoa beans, dairy products and other vital ingredients. Increase in modern trade will increase competition especially from global players will also increase cost pressure thru malls negotiating higher discounts from suppliers. 3.4.5 PEST ANALYSIS Demographic factor 1. Population growth:-chocolates have wide impact on population growth. 2. Educational groups:-target population is all age groups but the education group will have more influence on it. As this is used as 2 celebrate events such as birthday, days. 3. Population age mix:-both men and women would like 2 prefer dairy milk. 4. Household patterns:-consumption and need is according to the household patterns. 5. Population age group: Preschools:-5% School-age: 15% Teens:-40% 25-65:-38% 65+:- 2% Political factor Increase in the tax rate by the government on chocolates will force a customer to pay more for it An increase/decrease in inflation rate can affect the FMCG sector and thereby also increase/decrease the price of Cadbury products Economic In festival seasons the demand of chocolates increases. Willingness to buy Demand of chocolates depends on the persons willingness to buy, which in turn is affected by the persons needs and requirements. Taste and preference Cadbury has wide variety of products and a particular product like lets say Dairy milk is also differentiated in many ways such as fruit and nut, raisins, almond. So the demand will be according to the taste and preferences of the variety. Income Variation in income will affect positively or negatively on Cadbury products. Sale is directly proportional to the income of an individual keeping other factors constant. Social Social factors includes such as norms, beliefs, values of the company. Cadbury has created a positive impact on customers in terms of belief and values. Advertisement Dairy milk, a brand of Cadbury renews its advertisement in every 6 months. The advertisements convey that it can be consumed by people of all ages. The type of advertisement also affects the buying interest on customers. They get known about new products and variety. Technological Milk quality can be improved much by technology. Refrigeration power can be improved by new technology so that cold storage product such as dairy milk and other milk products can be stored well and for a longer duration. 3.4.6 COMPANY FACTFILE Corporate Summary Cadbury India Ltd is a subsidiary of Cadbury Schweppes Plc, with Cadbury Schweppes holding a stake in excess of 90% in its local subsidiary. The company was incorporated in 1948 and formerly called Hindustan Cocoa Products. It has four factories located in Thane, Induri and Malanpur in West India and Baddi in North India. The production facilities in India are not only used for domestic production but also for the export of finished products to Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Dubai, Ghana and the Maldives. 3.5 CADBURY AFTER KRAFT Wider geographic reach but still developed markets bias à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢The acquisition of Cadbury provided Krafts confectionery operations with a better balanced geographic mix between developed and developing markets, although the share of combined North American and Western European retail value sales remained at 55%. However, its exposure has increased in North America and decreased in Western Europe. Competition in both developed regions is fierce from well-established, domestic confectionery conglomerates, such as Mars/Wrigley and Hershey in North America, and Nestlà © and Ferrero in Western Europe. Market gaps to fill in emerging regions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Krafts Asia-Pacific confectionery revenues in 2008 were just above US$100 million, and with the integration of Cadbury it is expected to exceed US$1.4 billion. However, over 50% of this retail value is generated in just two national markets: Japan and India. China, the regions most attractive confectionery market accounts, for around 8% of the joint entitys confectionery revenues. Although China is forecast to grow by a more modest rate than India, at a CAGR of 4% over 2009-2014, in absolute value terms it makes up over 50% of the Asia-Pacific confectionery market growth over the period. The next step in Krafts strategy should be to focus on strengthening its position in the Chinese market, potentially with further acquisitions/partnerships to gain a larger slice of this dynamic market.

Saturday, January 18, 2020

Bacterial Concentration and Diversity

The objective of this particular paper was to study the results that were extracted when bacterial communities were formed. These bacterial communities were formed through the process of the reproducibility of small volume of repeat sampling from replicate bioreactors with stabilized continuous-flow chicken cecal bacterial communities. The results referring to the bacterial concentration and diversity were then analyzed by phenotypic, biochemical and ribotype analysis. To grow bacteria a stable environment is the most essential requirement this stable and a constant environment is known as steady-state conditions.This allows bacterial cultures to be obtained in a reproducible manner for batch consistency. The cultural efficacy was determined by taking an assumption that the aliquot taken from the cultures were identical and therefore did not overall affect the results to be determined by the particular experiment (bacterial culture). Mixed samples of avian cecal material were used to establish replicate bioreactor cultures. Repetitive samplings of the planktonic components were done to determine if all aliquots had the like bacterial contents within the same bioreactor.Consistency was seen during this repetitive sampling process but changes were seen in the specific composition of the resulting communities that initiated from one supply of cecal assortment. These are the basis on which the whole experiment and the methodology are based on. METHODOLOGY: †¢ Bioreactor and Sampling Design: The cecal contents were extracted from 150 birds (chicken) and then thoroughly mixed under sterile anaerobic conditions. Three replicate bioreactors (Bioflo ® 110 Fermentor/Bioreactor, New Brunswick Scientific Co, Inc., Edison, NJ) were used. The steady-state conditions were maintained by keeping the cultures under continuous-flow conditions at a flow rate of 0. 8 ml/min and also flushed with carbon dioxide that was free of any oxygen. For the first 48 hours the pH of the bioreactor was maintained to a stable 6. 2  ± 0. 3. Then for 3 weeks the cultures were allowed to reach equilibrium the planktonic component was sampled 11 times during this 3 weeks period. After this period 1ml aliquots were collected for analysis. i. e. pH measurement , bacterial isolation etc.†¢ Bacterial Isolation and Preliminary Identification: The material obtained from the bioreactor was sampled and some of the bacterial cultures obtained were quantified by growth of a 10? l aliquot on selective media in triplicate. The triplicate had a 5% sheep blood and was used to determine hemolytic reactions and for the recovery and the enumeration of the aerobic microbial species. The identification and the isolation of the aerobic bacteria was done by streaking the 10  µl aliquots onto TS-blood agar , Brilliant Green Agar, BGA; Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD), CHROMagar E.coli and Orientation, MacConkey, mEnterococcus, and Rogosa plates. These plates were then incubated for 24 hours at thirty seven degrees. Likewise anaerobic bacteria were isolated too but the streaking was done onto Brucella-blood agar, Phenylethyl alcohol agar (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD), Veillonella, and BBE plates. The plates were then incubated anaerobically for 48-72hours at the same temperature. These bacteria were also tested for aero tolerance. †¢ Enumeration:The total aerobic and anaerobic population levels were enumerated by serial dilation onto TS-blood agar, MacConkey, mEnterococcus agars or Brucella-blood agar plates, respectively. †¢ Ribotype Characterization: Isolates from the bacterial lawns were collected and analyzed by using RiboPrinter ® Microbial Characterization System following the manufacturer's instruction using lytic enzymes. Endonuclease EcoRI was used to cleave the DNA and gel electrophoresis was used to separate the fragments and analysis was done using a modern hybridization blotting technique.The DNA hybridized was labeled rRNA operon prob de rived from Escherichia coli, and the bands were detected by chemiluminescence. The image formed was captured and transferred to the RMCS database and data were normalized to a standard marker set. The images were compared with the 6448 EcoRI riboprint patterns in the DuPont database and a 900 EcoRI riboprint pattern custom in-house database (USDA, ARS, College Station, TX). †¢ Data Analysis: For each set of combined cecal material the above mentioned 3 replicate bioreactor were established.These were then analyzed for enumeration and characterization (eleven per bioreactor). The statistics were represented in tabular form. Commercially available software was used to analyze and calculate data. Differences in cfu/ml were compared among the replicate bioreactors. MAIN RESULT: The collecting of bacteria cultures or any other organism is greatly affected by the sample size and the frequency of organisms being sampled in a particular environment. Some of the processes or the methods described above also have limitations due to different constraints that govern their working e.g. enumeration. Enumeration of bacteria is affected by many factors including individual species growth rates, fitness of each competing species etc. therefore the bacteria produced or grown in a selective media maybe less productive when exposed to competition from many other species in a non-selective media culture. The probability of collection is greatly affected by the spatial distribution of organisms. As a rule the sampling requirement must increase as the degree of unit aggregation increases.Enumeration is also affected by aggregation and may account for some of the variation reported in the bacterial quantification. Therefore considerations should be given to the sampling size when using aliquots for inoculation from cultures with known aggregating species. An important thing to mention here that whatever the sampling technique is used there are also certain limitations associate d with sampling. It is not only quite difficult to harvest all species comprehensively but our present technological inability also creates a hindrance because we are unable to artificially culture all bacterial species.It was also seen that the efficiency of detection of pathogenic bacteria is affected by dilution i. e. a lower efficiency of detection was achieved where the prevalence of the target bacteria was diluted. A threshold quantity of specific bacteria maybe required for the proper mix. Adjustments in population density, adhesion and diversity which occur during culturing period greatly affects this observation. CONCLUSION: The aim of this study or experiment was to determine reproducibility of small volume repeat sampling with the help of a bioreactor.Basically bacterial concentration and diversity were the two important factors that were being concentrated these two quantities were analyzed within stabalised continuous-flow chicken cecal bacterial communities initiated b y replicate aliquots taken from thoroughly mixed samples. Pooled cecal material was created from layer chicks to establish the bioreactors. After a steady-state was reached the plankton components were sampled repetitively for three weeks and was then characterized by phenotypic, biochemical and ribotype analysis.No notable differences were found in the bacterial concentrations that came from the same bioreactor. Differences were found in bioreactors initiated from the same stock material. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Tawni L Crippen, Cynthia L Sheffield, Kathleen Andrews, Roy Bongaerts, and David J Nisbet, (2008), Bacterial Concentration and Diversity within Repetitive Aliquots Collected from Replicate Continuous-Flow Bioreactor Culture, Open Microbiol J. 2008; 2: 60–65, published online 2008 May 23.